The Convection Materials are implemented to take into account the heat exchange by convection between the boundary of a mesh and the surrounding fluid atmosphere. They are designed to be associated with Tm(2)Boundary2D(3D)Element, but will also be usable with Tm(2)Source2D(3D)Element, even if the physical meaning is questioning…

The different laws allows to exchange heat with atmosphere or to model heat exchange due to a fluid jet such as a gas torch for example.

Therefore, the first step consist in defining an ElementProperties, as

mat = materset.define(no, matType )
mat.put(param1, value1)
mat.depend(param1, fct1, Lock1)) #optional

where param1 name of the property associated to the element (for example RAY_EMISSIVITY value1 value of the corresponding property fct1 function which characterises the dependency of the property (optional: no fct if no dependency) Lock1 Lock which defines the dependency variable of the property (compulsory if there is a dependency)

the heat flux is computed by $flux = C (T_{fluid}-T)$ with :

• $C$ : Convection coefficient
• $T$ : Temperature at the Integration Point
• $T_{fluid}$ : Temperature of the fluid

the heat flux is computed by $flux = C (T_{fluid}-T)$ inside the rectangular box and $flux = 0.0$ outside of the rectangular box

The box is defined by its dimension ($kX$ and $kY$) and moving axes X & Z axis (⇒ Y axis is deducted from X & Z)

with :

• $C$ : Convection coefficient
• $T$ : Temperature at the Integration Point
• $T_{fluid}$ : Temperature of the fluid

The heat flux is computed by $flux = C exp^{(-(\frac{x_l}{k_x})^2-(\frac{y_l}{k_y})^2)} (T_{fluid}-T)$ so a Gaussian distribution of the heat flux around moving axis.

The distribution is defined by its characteristic lengths ($k_x$ and $k_y$) and moving axes X & Z axis (⇒ Y axis is deducted from X & Z)

with :

• $C$ : Convection coefficient
• $x_l$ & $y_l$ : local coordinate in the referential of the Gaussian
• $k_x$ & $K_y$ : Characteristic dimension of the Gaussian in its local referential
• $T$ : Temperature at the Integration Point
• $T_{fluid}$ : temperature of the fluid

The heat flux is computed by $flux = C exp^{(-(log(\frac{|x_l|}{k_x}+1))^2-(log(\frac{|y_l|}{k_y}+1))^2)} (T_{fluid}-T)$ so a Logarithmic distribution of the heat flux around moving axis.

The distributionis defined by its characteristic lengths ($k_x$ and $k_y$) and moving axes X & Z axis (⇒ Y axis is deducted from X & Z)

with :

• $C$ : Convection coefficient
• $x_l$ & $y_l$ : local coordinate in the referential of the normalised logarithmic
• $k_x$ & $K_y$ : Characteristic dimension of the normalised logarithmic in its local referential
• $T$ : Temperature at the Integration Point
• $T_{fluid}$ : temperature of the fluid

The CombineHConvectionMaterial is implemented to model moving and inclined gas torch convective heat source. The convective coefficient distribution is different according to local X and Y direction. It is also different upstream and down stream. Finally, outside of the gas flux, the heat transfer is driven by a free natural convection.

The heat flux is computed by $flux = C exp^{(-xpart^2-ypart^2)} (T_{fluid}-T)$ so a distribution of the heat flux around moving axis.

The distribution is defined by different formulation :

• Gaussian : $ xpart = frac{x_l}{k_x}$
• LogNorm : $ xpart = log(frac{|x_l|}{k_x}+1)$

In local X : it can also be different for $x_l > 0$ and $x_l < 0$ to model an inclined gas torch (where upstream and downstream fluid flow is not the same). Distribution type and characteristic dimension can be different up and downstream)

In local Y direction the distribution can also be Gaussian or LogNorm but is similar up and downstream.

Further more, if the “Distributed convection coefficient” is lower than a natural convective coefficient :

$C exp^{(-xpart^2-ypart^2)} < C_{nat}$

the heatFlux is then computed by natural convection : $flux = C_{nat} (T_{nat fluid}-T)$

with :

• $C$ : Convection coefficient (forced)
• $C_{nat}$ : Convection coefficient (Natural)
• $x_l$ & $y_l$ : local coordinate in the referential of the normalised logarithmic
• $k_x$ & $K_y$ : Characteristic dimension of distribution in its local referential
• $xpart$ - $ypart$ : distributed local coefficient
• $T$ : Temperature at the Integration Point
• $T_{fluid}$ : temperature of the fluid (foced
• $T_{nat fluid}$ : temperature of the fluid